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The Venture 17 Division Of Education



THE CONSERVATORY OF MEDICAL ARTS AND SCIENCES

XVII

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LIBRARY AND COURSE

Our Biochemistry Library, is a resource for information and links to aid you in your study of Advanced Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Biology.

The Conservatory also recommends the well known Textbook, Tietz's Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, by Burtis, Ashwood, and Bruns.

To aid our clients and online users, we offer an online textbook and learning module. This tool allows us to present Clinical Biochemistry as an online didactic resource and course, available at no cost to our students. The rubrics are designed as an assistant to the students we teach on campus, but this online course is also available to anyone wanting to increase their medical knowledge and competitive edge.

For you to be able to utilize the Biochemistry materials at no cost, you must sign into We Teach College Students, and request the course. After confirming your student status, we will then add you to our roster and email your access codes within twenty-four hours.

The course utilizes a large and concise text on Clinical Biochemistry, with case studies, color illustrations, self assessment tools, and flashcards, in addition to sturdy web-links. Questions can be addressed through the course chat and email system or our Academic Questions page.

Below is our Clinical Biochemistry Library. This reference library is currently under reconstruction. When finished, it will contain over 300 images with accompanying academics. From molecular biology, enzyme kinetics, and DNA testing, to laboratory management, it will be comprehensive.

You may point and click to pause, survey, and review the images below. As chemistry requires proficiency in advanced algebra or calculus, future applications to this library will include formulae and laboratory demonstration through documents and video when needed or requested. We recommend The Khan Academy for free math primers and courses in Algebra to prepare for this course.

For more free content in Biochemistry, click on the flask.

Research

Schematic representation of four common decision-making steps in which the result of an investigation is involved.

The Mole Concept and the Gas Laws

The Mole Concept and the Gas Laws

Electrochemical Reaction and Ions

The Anode and Cathode.

Enzymology and the Michaelis-Menten Curve

Michaelis-Menten curve relating velocity (rate) of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to substrate concentration. The value of Km is given by the substrate concentration at which one half of the maximum velocity is obtained.

Enzyme Kinetics and Inhibition

Effects of different types of inhibitors on the double-reciprocal plot of 1/v against 1/[S]. Each of the inhibitors has been assumed to reduce the activity of the enzyme by the same amount, represented by the change in 1/v from a to b at a substrate concentration of c. Line O is the plot for enzyme without inhibitor, C with a competitive inhibitor, NC with a noncompetitive inhibitor, and UC with an uncompetitive inhibitor. (From Moss DW. Measurement of enzymes. In: Hearse DJ, de Leiris J, eds. Enzymes in cardiology: diagnosis and research. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1979. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

Enzymes and Gel Electrophoresis

A, Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of bone and liver alkaline phosphatases in human serum. Left, Mixture of two sera containing, respectively, entirely bone phosphatase and entirely liver phosphatase. Right, Mixture of the same two sera after each has been treated with neuraminidase for 10 min at 37 °C. The anodal direction is downward. The more anodal zone is liver phosphatase. B, Densitometric scans of electrophoretic patterns shown in A. Broken line, Scan of mixture of untreated sera; solid line, scan of mixture of sera treated briefly with neuraminidase. The anode is to the left. (From Moss DW, Edwards RK. Improved electrophoretic resolution of bone and liver alkaline phosphatases resulting from partial digestion with neuraminidase. Clin Chim Acta 1984;143:177-82.)

What we are made of

The elements, CHONPS, mostly.

Common Groups

Basic organic groups

The Amino Acid Structure

"R"is variable, making up the different moieties of both essential and non-essential amino acids, the base units of protein any protein, including enzymes and neurotransmitters.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

It's all about electron transport, when this molecule is burned as fuel.

Endocrine system and glucose

Important influences of hormones on glucose metabolism.

The Periodic Chart of The Elements

The Periodic Chart of The Elements

The Mole Concept

The Mole Concept and Avogadro's Number

Redox Equation

Redox Equation

Enzymology and the Lineweaver-Burk Curve

Lineweaver-Burk transformation of the curve in Figure 9-2, with 1/v plotted on the ordinate (y-axis), and 1/[S] on the abscissa (x-axis). The indicated intercepts permit calculation of Vmax and Km. The units of v and [S] are those given in Figure 9-2.

Enzyme rates

Forms of graphs showing change in enzyme reaction rate as a function of time. In A, the rate is constant during the entire run, and rates calculated as I, II, and III will be identical to the initial rate. In B, the rate falls off continuously; rates calculated at I, II, and III will be different and less than the true initial rate. In C, a measurement at II will be representative of the maximum rate, but at I (lag period) and III (substrate depletion), it will be less than at II.

Enzymes; Amylase

Demonstration of macroamylasemia by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 solution.

Ionic Bond

The strongest of chemical bonds.

pH Scale

This is logarithmic. as you move one unit, you change a thousand fold. But pH is an inverse log, therefore the lower on the scale, the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions (protons).

Protein Structure

Primary (the amino acid sequence). Secondary ( as it defines its stability in space via electron distribution). Tertiary structure (as it continues to twist on itself). Then quaternary structure ( as it folds and finds its neutral position).

Cell membrane proteins

Cell membrane proteins can change their tertiary and quaternary structures, utilizing ATP, to move other products into and out of a cell.

The Alkanes

Organic chemistry

Redox Equation

Redox Equation involving a strong acid and a strong base in an aqueous environment.

Redox Equation

Redox Equation

Enzymology and Temperature

Schematic diagram showing effect of temperature on the rate of nonenzyme-catalyzed and enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Enzymes

The concentration gradients between some human tissues and serum for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine kinase. The concentration gradient axis is logarithmic.

Acid/Base and Electrolytes

Predicted influence of water content on sodium measurements for a 100 mmol/L NaCl solution by direct ion-selective electrode (ISE) versus flame emission photometry or indirect ISE. Red areas represent nonaqueous volumes, which could consist of lipids, proteins, or even a slurry of latex or sand particles. (Reprinted with permission from Apple FS, Koch DD, Graves S, Ladenson JH. Relationship between direct-potentiometric and flame-photometric measurement of sodium in blood. Clin Chem 1982;28:1931-5.)

Covalent Bond

Shared electrons

Sugar

All hexose sugars, these are different isomers, with C being a 3D model.

DNA

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid. It's not the double helix back-bone, but the base pair "rungs of the ladder" that do the coding.

The sodium and potassium pumps.

The sodium and potassium pumps also utilize cell membrane proteins as they change their tertiary and quaternary structures, utilizing ATP, to move into and out of a cell against the gradient of osmosis..

Isomers

The same elements in the same proportions but arranged differently.

Redox Equation

Redox Equation

NAD equation

It's all about electron transport

Enzymology

Nongenetic modifications that may give rise to multiple forms of enzymes (isoforms). (From Moss DW. Isoenzymes. London, Chapman & Hall, 1982, with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media.)

Enzymes and Isoforms

Identities, chromosomal assignments, and main physiological and pathological expression of genes encoding human alkaline phosphatases. Broken lines show two alternative proposed origins of the fetal intestinal alkaline phosphatase. The sequence of a complementary DNA (cDNA) is reportedly identical to that of adult intestinal alkaline phosphatase (AP). All the isoenzymes and isoforms are glycoproteins, imposing a further degree of microheterogeneity. Different processes of cleavage or preservation of the membrane-anchoring domain can generate additional isoforms. (Modified from Moss DW. Perspectives in alkaline phosphatase research. Clin Chem 1992;38:2486-92.)

The Oxygen Dissociation Curve

Oxygen dissociation curves for human blood with different plasma pH, but constant PCO2 of 40 mm Hg, a 2,3-diphosphoglycerol concentration in erythrocytes of 5.0 mmol/L, and temperature at 37 °C.

The Hydrogen Bond

Oscillating polarity

The Cell Membrane

The Bi-phospholipid film of the cell membrane.

DNA

Schematic of DNA's structure as a strand, and as "yarn" in the chromosome.

Making energy

The mitochondrion is the terminal factory of oxidative phosphorylation, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. One mole of glucose can be converted into 32 to 38 ATPs depending on performance of and demand on this cell organelle.

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